Urinary Tract Infections
Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals and salts that form in the kidneys. Treatment varies depending on the size, type, and location of the stones, as well as the severity of symptoms. For small stones, drinking plenty of water and taking pain relievers can help them pass naturally. Larger stones may require medical interventions such as shock wave lithotripsy (to break the stones into smaller pieces), ureteroscopy (to remove or break stones), or, in rare cases, surgery. Prevention includes staying hydrated.
Causes of UTIs
- Urinary Tract Blockages: Kidney stones, enlarged prostate, or tumors can block the flow of urine, creating a breeding ground for bacteria.
- Bacterial Infection (E. coli): The most common cause of UTIs, often originating from the bowel and entering the urethra.
- Sexual Activity: Sexual intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urethra, increasing the risk of UTIs.
- Weakened Immune System: Conditions like diabetes, HIV, and autoimmune diseases can weaken the immune system, making it more difficult to fight infections.
- Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy and menopause can alter urinary tract defenses, making women more susceptible to UTIs.
Symptoms of UTIs
- Frequent Urge to Urinate: A constant need to urinate, even if only small amounts of urine are passed.
- Burning Sensation during Urination (Dysuria): A painful, burning sensation while urinating.
- Cloudy or Foul-Smelling Urine: Urine may appear cloudy or have a strong, unpleasant odor.
- Blood in the Urine (Hematuria): Urine may appear pink, red, or brown due to the presence of blood.
- Fever and Chills: A fever may be present, especially if the infection has spread to the kidneys.
